We can implement 8x1 Multiplexer using lower order Multiplexers easily by considering the above Truth table. The block diagram of 8x1 Multiplexer is shown in the following figure. The same selection lines, s 1 & s 0 are applied to both 4x1 Multiplexers. The data inputs of upper 4x1 Multiplexer are I 7 to I 4 and the data inputs of lower 4x1 Multiplexer are I 3 to I 0.
Training board for essential logic gates.
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About this project
Abstract
This tutorial is designed specially for “Digital Logic Board,' classified as intermediate level difficulty design, used as a training device for practicing purpose, for new beginner in electronics world, including concepts of important circuit in the electronic logic circuit.
Instead of old TTL “transistor-transistor logic” circuit, we use a Microchip microcontroller, that can programmed by using Arduino prototype board and the Arduino IDE.
The main topics of this project is learning logics and the protocol timing and transferring data, and all of it deal with digital Boolean signals.
In next pages, we explain a lot of concept about this project:
- The slave Arduino board at the left power up the LED by using a 4-byte data frame that send by Master Arduino and control 74HC595 IC directly.
- The 2-wire SDA and SCL synchronise the byte stream between two Arduino by using I2C protocol.
- The main Arduino board at the right read the switches states and decide to send a single bit through a I2C Bus with 4-byte frame data message.
Video
The Front Interface
From Top to Down Arrow
- 7 Logic Gates
- DC Power Switch
- 8-bit Multiplexer
- 8-bit Decoder
- 8-bit Encoder
- J-K Flip Flop
- SIPO shift register
- 4-Bit full adder
- Student name
Graphic Design platform
Digital Multiplexer
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Quick Specification of the Board
Playground with Board
- First of all you need to power up the board by using Rocker Switch
- To make change for input logic move the Toggle Switch
- If logic is true then the RED LED will illuminate
- In this case you need to learn the Truth Table of every single circuit
- The Logic Gates is (AND, NAND, OR, NOR, XOR, XNOR, NOT)
- Multiplexer
- Decoder, Encoder
- J-K Flip Flop
- Shift Register
- 4-Bit Full Adder
L7805 Regulator
This device may take a 1.5 Volt as a drove voltage so you must supply it with minimum 8 volt or more for power hungry purpose.
Be careful to connect your PC while the 9 volt alive!
That may destroy your battery inside!
Pull-up Resistor
How to Connect on Breadboard
74HC595 Serial in Parallel Out Shift Register
74HC595 SIPO Shift Register Connect to Arduino
74HC595 SIPO Shift register connect to Arduino
1. Makethe following connections:
GND (pin 8) to ground,
Vcc (pin 16) to 5V
OE (pin 13) to ground
MR (pin 10) to 5V
This set up makes all of the output pins active and addressable all the time. The one flaw of this setup is that you end up with the lights turning on to their last state or something arbitrary every time you first power up the circuit before the program starts to run. You can get around this by controlling the MR and OE pins from your Arduino board too, but this way will work and leave you with more open pins.
2. Connect to Arduino
DS (pin 14) to Ardunio DigitalPin 11 (blue wire)
SH_CP (pin 11) to to Ardunio DigitalPin 12 (yellow wire)
ST_CP (pin 12) to Ardunio DigitalPin 8 (green wire)
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From now on those will be referred to as the dataPin, the clockPin and the latchPin respectively.
Notice the 0.1'f capacitor on the latchPin, if you have some flicker when the latch pin pulses you can use a capacitor to even it out.
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3. Add 8 LEDs
In this case you should connect the cathode (short pin) of each LED to a common ground, and the anode (long pin) of each LED to its respective shift register output pin. Using the shift register to supply power like this is called sourcing current. Some shift registers can't source current, they can only do what is called sinking current. If you have one of those it means you will have to flip the direction of the LEDs, putting the anodes directly to power and the cathodes (ground pins) to the shift register outputs. You should check the your specific datasheet if you aren't using a 595 series chip. Don't forget to add a 470-ohm resistor in series to protect the LEDs from being overloaded.
Our 74HC595 Design
Pinout for Arduino Mega 2560
I²C on Arduino Mega 2560
Serial Data Line (SDA) and Serial Clock Line (SCL) on Ateml Mega Arduino board
- SDA (Pin 20)
- SCL (Pin 21)
***Back End***
4 To 1 Multiplexer
Final Result
Code
Digital Logic Board GitHub
Schematics
Author
saifalikabi
- 5 projects
- 22 followers
Published on
March 27, 2019
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Table of contents
- Digital Circuits Tutorial
- Digital Circuits Resources
- Selected Reading
Multiplexer is a combinational circuit that has maximum of 2n data inputs, ‘n’ selection lines and single output line. One of these data inputs will be connected to the output based on the values of selection lines.
Since there are ‘n’ selection lines, there will be 2n possible combinations of zeros and ones. So, each combination will select only one data input. Multiplexer is also called as Mux.
4x1 Multiplexer
4x1 Multiplexer has four data inputs I3, I2, I1 & I0, two selection lines s1 & s0 and one output Y. The block diagram of 4x1 Multiplexer is shown in the following figure.
One of these 4 inputs will be connected to the output based on the combination of inputs present at these two selection lines. Truth table of 4x1 Multiplexer is shown below.
| Selection Lines | Output | |
|---|---|---|
| S1 | S0 | Y |
| 0 | 0 | I0 |
| 0 | 1 | I1 |
| 1 | 0 | I2 |
| 1 | 1 | I3 |
From Truth table, we can directly write the Boolean function for output, Y as
$$Y={S_{1}}'{S_{0}}'I_{0}+{S_{1}}'S_{0}I_{1}+S_{1}{S_{0}}'I_{2}+S_{1}S_{0}I_{3}$$
We can implement this Boolean function using Inverters, AND gates & OR gate. The circuit diagram of 4x1 multiplexer is shown in the following figure.
We can easily understand the operation of the above circuit. Similarly, you can implement 8x1 Multiplexer and 16x1 multiplexer by following the same procedure.
Implementation of Higher-order Multiplexers.
Now, let us implement the following two higher-order Multiplexers using lower-order Multiplexers.
- 8x1 Multiplexer
- 16x1 Multiplexer
8x1 Multiplexer
In this section, let us implement 8x1 Multiplexer using 4x1 Multiplexers and 2x1 Multiplexer. We know that 4x1 Multiplexer has 4 data inputs, 2 selection lines and one output. Whereas, 8x1 Multiplexer has 8 data inputs, 3 selection lines and one output.
So, we require two 4x1 Multiplexers in first stage in order to get the 8 data inputs. Since, each 4x1 Multiplexer produces one output, we require a 2x1 Multiplexer in second stage by considering the outputs of first stage as inputs and to produce the final output.
Let the 8x1 Multiplexer has eight data inputs I7 to I0, three selection lines s2, s1 & s0 and one output Y. The Truth table of 8x1 Multiplexer is shown below.
| Selection Inputs | Output | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| S2 | S1 | S0 | Y |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | I0 |
| 0 | 0 | 1 | I1 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 | I2 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | I3 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | I4 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | I5 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | I6 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | I7 |
We can implement 8x1 Multiplexer using lower order Multiplexers easily by considering the above Truth table. The block diagram of 8x1 Multiplexer is shown in the following figure.
The same selection lines, s1 & s0 are applied to both 4x1 Multiplexers. The data inputs of upper 4x1 Multiplexer are I7 to I4 and the data inputs of lower 4x1 Multiplexer are I3 to I0. Therefore, each 4x1 Multiplexer produces an output based on the values of selection lines, s1 & s0.
The outputs of first stage 4x1 Multiplexers are applied as inputs of 2x1 Multiplexer that is present in second stage. The other selection line, s2 is applied to 2x1 Multiplexer.
If s2 is zero, then the output of 2x1 Multiplexer will be one of the 4 inputs I3 to I0 based on the values of selection lines s1 & s0.
If s2 is one, then the output of 2x1 Multiplexer will be one of the 4 inputs I7 to I4 based on the values of selection lines s1 & s0.
Therefore, the overall combination of two 4x1 Multiplexers and one 2x1 Multiplexer performs as one 8x1 Multiplexer.
16x1 Multiplexer
In this section, let us implement 16x1 Multiplexer using 8x1 Multiplexers and 2x1 Multiplexer. We know that 8x1 Multiplexer has 8 data inputs, 3 selection lines and one output. Whereas, 16x1 Multiplexer has 16 data inputs, 4 selection lines and one output.
So, we require two 8x1 Multiplexers in first stage in order to get the 16 data inputs. Since, each 8x1 Multiplexer produces one output, we require a 2x1 Multiplexer in second stage by considering the outputs of first stage as inputs and to produce the final output.
Let the 16x1 Multiplexer has sixteen data inputs I15 to I0, four selection lines s3 to s0 and one output Y. The Truth table of 16x1 Multiplexer is shown below.
| Selection Inputs | Output | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| S3 | S2 | S1 | S0 | Y |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | I0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | I1 |
| 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | I2 |
| 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | I3 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | I4 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | I5 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | I6 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | I7 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | I8 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | I9 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | I10 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | I11 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | I12 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | I13 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | I14 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | I15 |
We can implement 16x1 Multiplexer using lower order Multiplexers easily by considering the above Truth table. The block diagram of 16x1 Multiplexer is shown in the following figure.
The same selection lines, s2, s1 & s0 are applied to both 8x1 Multiplexers. The data inputs of upper 8x1 Multiplexer are I15 to I8 and the data inputs of lower 8x1 Multiplexer are I7 to I0. Therefore, each 8x1 Multiplexer produces an output based on the values of selection lines, s2, s1 & s0.
The outputs of first stage 8x1 Multiplexers are applied as inputs of 2x1 Multiplexer that is present in second stage. The other selection line, s3 is applied to 2x1 Multiplexer.
If s3 is zero, then the output of 2x1 Multiplexer will be one of the 8 inputs Is7 to I0 based on the values of selection lines s2, s1 & s0.
If s3 is one, then the output of 2x1 Multiplexer will be one of the 8 inputs I15 to I8 based on the values of selection lines s2, s1 & s0.
Therefore, the overall combination of two 8x1 Multiplexers and one 2x1 Multiplexer performs as one 16x1 Multiplexer.